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    15 April 2021, Volume 18 Issue 4 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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    Research Progress on Oligodendrocytes in Parkinson's Disease
    BO Ruxue, CHEN Naihong, YUAN Yuhe
    2021, 18(4): 301-305. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.01
    Abstract ( 307 )   PDF (1060KB) ( 167 )  
    Derived from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), Oligodendrocytes (OLs), one of the neuroglial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), can form insulating myelin sheaths and promote the rapid conduction of axonal action potentials. Parkinson's disease (PD), characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and striatum, is a CNS degenerative disease and its pathological hallmark is the accumulation of Lewy neurites and the eosinophilic spherical bodies named Lewy bodies(LBs), the main component of which is misfolded α-synuclein(α-uclein, α-syn). Recently, studies have found that many PD patients have potential pathological manifestations such as demyelination, white matter lesions, and OLs damage. At the same time, the accumulation of α-syn in OLs can accelerate the death of neurons, which further suggests that OLs might play an important role in the development of PD. Therefore, the deep study of the relationship between OLs and PD will help to further explore the pathogenesis of PD and provide a new idea for the discovery of new therapeutic targets of PD. What's more, maintaining the integrity of the myelin sheath and ensuring the normal function of OLs are expected to interfere with the pathological progress of PD.
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    Study on MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease-like Pathological Changes in Mice Liver
    HAN Qiwen, CHEN Ying, CHEN Naihong, YUAN Yuhe
    2021, 18(4): 306-311. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.02
    Abstract ( 167 )   PDF (1842KB) ( 90 )  
    Objective To investigate the physiological function and pathological changes of the liver in a mouse model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control group and model group. The model group received subcutaneous injection of MPTP combined with an intraperitoneal injection of probenecid (MPTP/p) every 4 days with MPTP/p for 10 times, while the control group was injected with physiological saline in the same way. The pathological changes of the mouse liver were assessed by Hematoxylineosin staining (HE), while the changes of different forms of α-synuclein (α-syn) in the liver, and those of expressions of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and 4-hydroxy-2-Nonenal (4-HNE) were measured using an immunohistochemical method. The level of ROS in the liver was detected by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining with a fluorescent probe of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the distribution of nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the nucleus and cytoplasm of liver tissue. Results In the PD mouse model induced by MPTP/p, liver tissue showed obvious inflammatory infiltration. The levels of the nitrated form of α-syn (n-syn) and oligomeric form of α-syn (5G4) protein increased. DNA damage and oxidative stress occurred in liver tissue. The expression of total Nrf2 protein in liver cells was up-regulated, but Nrf2 in the cytoplasm was reduced significantly. Conclusion PD pathogenic factors can induce significant changes in the pathological structure and physiological functions of the liver in model animals. The above changes are closely related to oxidative stress, and α-syn can be used as an indicator molecule for body disease.
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    Changes of α-Synuclein in A53T Transgenic Mice
    HAN Qiwen, WEN Lu, CHEN Naihong, YUAN Yuhe
    2021, 18(4): 312-314. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.03
    Abstract ( 378 )   PDF (1491KB) ( 102 )  
    Objective To study the distribution and modification of α-synuclein (α-syn) in α-synuclein A53T transgenic mice. Methods The α-syn A53T transgenic mice were used as Parkinson's disease (PD) model mice. Western blot was used to detect the expression and abnormal aggregation of α-syn in the stomach, substantia nigra and striatum of A53T transgenic mice and wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Results Compared with wild-type mice, the expressions of total α-syn (C-20) and nitrosylated α-syn (n-syn) in the stomach, substantia nigra and striatum of A53T transgenic mice increased. The content of phosphorylated α-syn (p-syn) in the stomach and substantia nigra decreased, while the content of p-syn in the striatum increased. The content of α-syn (5G4) in the form of oligomers in the substantia nigra and striatum increased, but decreased in the stomach. Among them, n-syn had the highest content in stomach tissues, α-syn in the form of oligomers had the highest content in the substantia nigra, and p-syn had the highest content in the striatum. Conclusion The total α-syn protein in A53T transgenic mice increases, and the content of abnormally modified and aggregated α-syn varies in different organs, suggesting that the pathological changes of the organs are specific in the pathogenesis of PD.
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    Changes of Neurotransmitters in the Striatum of MPTP-induced Wild-type and A53T Transgenic Mouse Parkinson's Disease Models
    WANG Shuo, WEN Lu, ZHANG Chenglu, WANG Ruxuan, CHEN Naihong, YUAN Yuhe
    2021, 18(4): 315-319. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.04
    Abstract ( 106 )   PDF (1536KB) ( 77 )  
    Objective To explore the changes of such neurotransmitters as dopamine in the striatum of mouse models with Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods An acute PD model of A53T transgenic mice and a chronic PD model of wild-type mice were induced via intraperitoneal injection of probenecid and subcutaneous injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect the changes of neurotransmitters in the mouse striatum. Results HPLC results showed that MPTP could induce an decrease of dopamine (DA), dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striatum, and an increase of dihydroxy phenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL). But the contents of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) did not change significantly. Conclusion MPTP can induce a decrease in the level of DA transmitters and an increase in the content of its toxic metabolite DOPAL, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of PD.
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    Changes of Monoamine Transmitters in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Gastrointestinal Glial Cells of MPTP Induced Parkinson's Disease Mice
    WEN Lu, WANG Shuo, ZHANG Chenglu, CHEN Naihong, YUAN Yuhe
    2021, 18(4): 320-323. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.05
    Abstract ( 108 )   PDF (1619KB) ( 70 )  
    Objective To explore the changes of monoamine neurotransmitters and enteric glial cells (EGC) in the gastrointestinal tract of Parkinson’s disease (PD) mice. Methods The PD models of wild-type mice and A53T transgenic mice were made by gaving mice intraperitoneal injections of probenecid, followed by subcutaneous injections of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). The changes of neurotransmitters in the gastrointestinal tract of mice were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the changes of gastrointestinal glial cells were evaluated by immunofluorescence. Results HPLC results showed that MPTP reduced the level of norepinephrine (NE) and increased the level of dihydroxy phenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) of toxic metabolite of dopamine (DA). but it was no significant effect on the transmitter levels of DA and its metabolites which are dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA). The results of immunofluorescence showed the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in intestinal glial cells increasing. Conclusion MPTP can induce the decrease of NE neurotransmitter levels in the peripheral gastrointestinal tract and the activation of gastrointestinal glial cells, which may be related to gastrointestinal dysfunction in the early stage of PD.
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    Requirements of Vaccine Vigilance Function from NRA Assessment
    YU Yi, WANG Yali
    2021, 18(4): 324-327. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.06
    Abstract ( 555 )   PDF (1118KB) ( 399 )  
    The national regulatory system (NRA) plays an important role in ensuring the quality,safety and effectiveness of vaccines.At the same time, vaccine manufacturers in a country have to pass the NRA evaluation by the World Health Organization (WHO) to obtain the prequalification(PQ) of vaccines. China will undergo a new round of NRA evaluation in 2021. In this paper, the NRA evaluation was introduced. Combined with the status quo of vaccine vigilance in China, the indicators of vigilance function of NRA evaluation were analyzed.On this basis, ways to promote vaccine vigilance in China were recommended.
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    Discussion on the Treatment Mechanism of Adverse Events Following Immunization in China
    ZHONG Zhilei, YIN Xingxiao, LIANG Yan, SHI Haoyu, FU Jie, YANG Jingsi
    2021, 18(4): 328-333. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.07
    Abstract ( 140 )   PDF (1170KB) ( 201 )  
    Objective Comparing the vaccine injury relief system established by the damage caused by vaccination in 25 typical countries of the World Health Organization, Studying the relevant provisions in the "Vaccine Administration Law", provides ideas for the AEFI compensation system. Methods Using intelligence research and literature qualitative analysis methods to compare and analyze the characteristics of vaccine injury rescue mechanisms in the United States, New Zealand, Europe, and Japan. Studying and analyzing the corresponding provisions of the 2019 Vaccine Law. Results Each country’s vaccine injury treatment mechanism has its own advantages and disadvantages. China 2019 Vaccine Law provides guiding opinions on AEFI compensation, but there is still a lack of corresponding rescue regulations and rules. Conclusion In accordance with the relevant provisions of the 2019 Vaccine Law, China should introduce a unified national rescue system and detailed rules as soon as possible, consider raising subsidy funds from multiple sources, protect the interests of all parties, and maintain a harmonious vaccine use environment.
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    Considerations of Security Items in Vaccine Package Instructions
    WANG Yuanzheng, LIU Bo, DENG Xia, GAO Chenyan, YANG Huan
    2021, 18(4): 334-337. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.08
    Abstract ( 209 )   PDF (1078KB) ( 207 )  
    Objective We explaine the considerations of "contraindications" "precautions" and "special groups" in vaccine instructions , to provide reference for vaccine enterprises and vaccine users; and analyze the problems with drafting, revision, management and use of vaccine instructions, to promote the improvement of the content of vaccine instructions in China, so as to guide the rational clinical use of vaccines. Results Based on the requirements of related regulations at home and abroad, given the current clinical research on vaccines and clinical practice in China, this paper explained the considerations of "contraindications" "precautions" and "special groups" in vaccine instructions, and explained the purpose of the safety section in the vaccine instructions is not to restrict the use of the vaccine, but to give full play the vaccine public health value under controllable security. Conclusion The improvement of vaccine instructions is not only a regulatory requirement, but also a process of continuously enriching scientific cognition. In order to change the problem of safety-related items in the vaccine instructions, it is necessary for all departments to make joint efforts.
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    Discuss about Vaccine Enhancement of Disease
    WANG Yali
    2021, 18(4): 338-340. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.09
    Abstract ( 419 )   PDF (1005KB) ( 286 )  
    Vaccine Enhancement of Disease was discussed in this paper, in order to provide information for post-marketing surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Methods The documents and research findings about virus vaccines and vaccine enhancement of disease (VED) were collected to analyze the safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Results and Conclusion The epidemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been spreading globally since 2020. As no wonder drugs are currently available, vaccine development is becoming a hot topic worldwide. Due to its uncertainty, VED is one of the common concerns during vaccine development and post-marketing surveilance should be carefully assessed in the future.
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    Establishment of An Animal Model of Diabetic Gastroparesis
    SONG Yaling, HUANG Jukai, CONG Jialin, CHENG Shuli, ZHANG Li, YANG Xiaohui
    2021, 18(4): 341-345. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.10
    Abstract ( 134 )   PDF (1319KB) ( 56 )  
    Objective To explore a method of establishing a rat model for diabetic gastroparesis (DGP). Methods Sixty rats were randomly chosen from seventy healthy SD male rats as a model group that was fed with a high-fat and high-sugar diet for two weeks. After being fasted and freely drinking water for 12h, these rats were injected intraperitoneally with streptozotocin (STZ soluble in 0.1mol/L citric acid buffered salt solution) 50mg/kg to establish a diabetic rat model. Fasting blood glucose≥13.9mmol/L after 72h indicated that a proper diabetic animal model was induced. From the fifty SD rats in the diabetic model, ten were randomly chosen to feed on a high-fat and high-sugar diet for eight weeks to establish a DGP animal model. Ten healthy SD male rats in the control group were fed for two weeks. After being fasted and freely drinking water for 12 h, they were injected intraperitoneally with an equivalent dosage of sodium citrate buffer and then fed with an ordinary diet for eight weeks as the normal control group. During the experiment, the general condition, body weight and blood glucose of rats in both groups were observed, while the gastric residual rate and small intestine advancing rate were measured after the rats were sacrificed. Results Compared with the normal group, the fasting blood glucose of the model group was significantly increased after modeling (P<0.01), and the rats became thinner, whose body weight and small bowel propulsion rate (P<0.01)were significantly reduced, while the gastric residue rate was significantly increased (P<0.01, P<0.05)after eight weeks. Conclusion Eight weeks of intraperitoneal injection of STZ 50mg/kg combined with a high-fat and high-sugar diet can induce a DGP rat model.
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    Synergistic Effect of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid Combined with Amoxicillin against Streptococcus Pneumoniae Infection
    SHI Yujing, BAO Yanyan, GUO Shanshan, SUN Jing, ZHAO Ronghua, BAO Lei, GENG Zihan, YAO Rongmei, GAO Yingjie, CUI Xiaolan
    2021, 18(4): 346-351. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.11
    Abstract ( 241 )   PDF (1386KB) ( 114 )  
    Objective To study the synergistic effect of amoxicillin combined with Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Methods ICR mice were intranasally infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae. The protective effect of amoxicillin combined with Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in mice was investigated by using lung indexes, lung tissue pathological scores and expressions of inflammatory factors as evaluation indexes. Results Amoxicillin combined with Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid could significantly inhibit the pneumonia induced by Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. The combination index of amoxicillin (0.37 g·kg-1·d-1) and Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid (5.5 mL/kg-1·d-1) was 0.12, which indicated strong synergistic effect on infected mice. The lung index inhibition rate was 61.22%, and the lung index of the combination group was significantly lower than that of the model control group and the single drug group (P<0.05, P<0.01). The combination index of amoxicillin (0.37 g/kg-1·dd-1) and Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid (2.75 mL/kg-1·d-1) was 0.57, which indicated the synergistic effect on infected mice. The combination of the two drugs could significantly inhibit the weight loss of infected mice, ameliorate the pathological damage to lung tissue (P<0.01), and significantly inhibit the increase of serum inflammatory factors IL-6 (P<0.01), KC (P<0.05), TNF-α (P<0.01) and MCP-1 (P<0.01) induced by bacterial infection. Conclusion Amoxicillin combined with Pudilan Xiaoyan oral liquid can have synergistic therapeutic effect against pneumonia in mice infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae, which indicates the clinical applicability of this approach.
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    Predicting Toxic Monomer Components in Polygonum multiflorum Based on Quantitative Structure-activity Relationship
    WANG Qi, YAN Ming, MA Shuangcheng, WEN Hairuo
    2021, 18(4): 352-355. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.12
    Abstract ( 536 )   PDF (1072KB) ( 114 )  
    Objective To evaluate the toxicity risks of 39 compounds in Polygonum multiflorum based on the quantitative structural-activity relationship, and provide reference for the screening and experimental evaluation of the toxic components. Methods According to the structures of parent nucleus, the compounds were divided into three categories: anthraquinone, anthrone and stibene glucosides. The structures were imported into Toxicity Estimation Software Tool toxicity estimation software tool, (TEST) and Derek Nexus. Oral toxicity LD50 and development toxicity of rats were the prediction endpoints for TEST All the toxicity prediction endpoints (including liver toxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, irritation, phototoxicity and sensitization) except in vitro and in vivo mutagenicity, chromosomal damage and carcinogenicity were chosen to predict their potential toxicity targets and related alert structures. Results Oral toxicity LD50: the LD50 of 18 anthraquinone compounds ranged from 453.5 to 3 574.2 mg/kg, while that of 16 dianthrone monomers ranged from 125.3 to 1 239.6 mg/kg. Development toxicity: ω-hydroxyemodin and hydroxyemodin demonstrated the highest predictive value, followed by epicatechin and catechin. Toxicity targets and related alert structures: all the anthraquinone compounds were considered hepatotoxic, except for 6-methyl-1,3,8-trihydroxy-10H-anthracene-9-one, and they were predicted with the risks of photosensitization and skin sensitization, while the alert structures varied. All the stibene glucosides, except 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2, 3-2-O-β-D -glucoside, showed the risk of thyroid gland toxicity. Most of the dianthrone monomers were photosensitive and skin-sensitizing, while catechin and epicatechin also had the risk of skin sensitization. Conclusion This study may shed light on the screening of toxic components of Polygonum multiflorum, targeted organs and the mechanism of different compound.
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    443 Cases of Drug - Induced Adverse Reactions in Blood System
    ZHU Dan, CAO Xue, SONG Yanqing, LI Yanjiao
    2021, 18(4): 356-360. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.13
    Abstract ( 280 )   PDF (1165KB) ( 258 )  
    Objective To analyze the characteristics of adverse reactions in the blood system caused by drugs in a hospital so as to provide reference for drug safety and rational drug use in clinic. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on the blood system adverse reactions reported by a hospital to the National Drug for ADR Monitoring, China from November 2014 to November 2019, involving gender, age, dosage forms, routes of administration, clinical manifestations, drug varieties, clinical outcomes, and off-label prescriptions. Results From November 2014 to November 2019, our hospital reported a total of 443 cases of drug-induced ADRs in the blood system, 313 (70.65%) of which were normal ADR, and130 (29.35%) were severe ADR. 258 (58.24%) of these cases involved males and 185 (41.76%) involved females. Sixty-one drugs of 10 categories were involved, with the largest proportion going to anti-tumor drug (51.92%). There were 39 cases of ADR related to off-label drugs. The clinical manifestations of ADR were mostly platelet/hemorrhage and coagulation disorder, and most of the ADR occurred within 0~3d (223 cases) of medication. In 402 of these cases (90.74%), ADR had no significant effect on the preexisting disease, but 31 of these cases (7.00%) refused to improve, and 10 cases (2.26%) lost contact. Conclusion ADR associated with the blood system are severe and hidden, so precautions should be taken. Medical staff should enhance the public awareness of adverse reactions so as to reduce and prevent the occurrence of ADR.
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    Analysis of One Case of Severe Liver Injury Induced by Xinyuan Capsule
    XIE Yan, BIAN Yuan, DU Shan
    2021, 18(4): 361-364. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.14
    Abstract ( 202 )   PDF (1203KB) ( 127 )  
    Objective To report a case of severe liver injury caused by Xinyuan capsule and to explore the general rules and clinical characteristics of liver injury caused by Polygonum multiflorum in the main components of Xinyuan capsule, as to provide a reference for clinical rational drug use. Methods A case of liver injury caused by Xinyuan capsule was reported and analysed. Case reports of liver injury caused by Polygonum multiflorum and its preparations were retrieved and anaylsed.from CNKI, Wanfang Medical Database, and VIP full-text database. Results The top 3 liver injury induced by Polygonum multiflorum preparations were the Polygonum multiflorum decoction (21%), Shouwu Tablet (18%) and Ganoderma lucidum Yishou capsule (16%). The incidence rate of male and female was 1.4: 1. Mostly middle-aged patients aged 51 to 60, accounting for 30.5%. The type of liver injury was mainly hepatocyte injury (94.4%). The time span of liver function injury occurred over a large period, and the incidence was 1 to 3 months after administration, accounting for 61%. Liver injury recovered well after treatment and the average recovery time was (43.19 ± 28.92) days. The patient conditions to the general rules and clinical characteristics of liver injury caused by Polygonum multiflorum preparations. Conclusion Xinyuan capsules and other Polygonum multiflorum preparations can cause liver injury. Clinicians and pharmacists should pay close attention to rational use of drugs to reduce and avoid liver injury.
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    Drug-induced Liver Injury Caused by Warfarin
    WU Ting, LYV Xiaoqin
    2021, 18(4): 365-367. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.15
    Abstract ( 235 )   PDF (1068KB) ( 182 )  
    Objective To analyze the characteristics of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by warfarin in Zhejiang Province so as to provide reference for clinical rational drug use. Methods Data on warfarin-caused adverse drug reactions (ADR), especially DILI, that was collected by the Zhejiang Provincial Platform of the national adverse drug reactions monitoring database from January 1, 2010 to August 31, 2019 was analyzed statistically. Results There were 27 cases of DILI caused by warfarin. There were twice as many female patients as male ones, and most of the patients were over 45 years old (92.3%). Conclusion The DILI caused by warfarin deserves attention in clinical practice when it is used together with other drugs, especially those that are likely to cause hepatotoxicity. It is recommended that warfarin be used with caution and liver function be checked regularly.
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    Active Monitoring of Adverse Drug Reactions Caused by Anti-tumor Targeted Drugs
    CAI Meng, LI Min, SHEN Aizong
    2021, 18(4): 368-372. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.16
    Abstract ( 286 )   PDF (1147KB) ( 1119 )  
    Objective To analyze the occurrence and characteristics of anti-tumor targeted drug adverse reactions (ADR), so as to provide reference for rational clinical use. Methods Through the results of active monitoring of China Hospital Pharmacovigilance System (CHPS), 120 inpatient medical records from A triple-A hospital’s May 5, 2016 to February 19, 2019 were extracted, and Excel software was used to analyze the ADR caused by anti-tumor targeted drugs. Results There were 120 cases of ADR induced by targeted drugs, the patients were mainly concentrated in 61~70 years (33.33%), and the ADR involved in the target drug was mainly in the digestive system (29.81%). the clinical manifestations were mainly gastrointestinal reactions. Conclusion The clinical use of targeted drugs should pay close attention to the adverse reactions of targeted drugs, in the course of treatment should do a good job of prevention and prognosis, pay close attention to the biochemical indicators before and after treatment, to ensure the safety of drug use.
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    Analysis of Splitting of Oral Tablets by Inpatients in a Psychiatric Hospital
    DAI Biao, LIANG Jun, XIA Qingrong, XU Yayun, CAO Yin, WU Xiaoping
    2021, 18(4): 373-376. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.17
    Abstract ( 128 )   PDF (1173KB) ( 87 )  
    Objective To analyze statistically the splitting of oral tablets for inpatients in a psychiatric hospital in order to provide reference for the safety and effectiveness of medication. Methods The medical orders for oral tablets given to inpatients in our hospital between September 2019 and February 2020 were collected. The top 20 medicines were analyzed statistically in terms of names, types, departments involved, and gender and age of patients. Results The percentage of medical orders for splitting of tablets among the total orders for tablets was 10.58%. The number of medical orders with the split dose of 1/2 was the largest, accounting for 94.77%. The top drugs involving splitting of tablets included risperidone, clonazepam, quetiapine, clozapine and diazepam. Departments with the largest number of medical orders for splitting tablets for inpatients were the Department of General Psychiatry, Department of Geriatric Psychology and Department of Diseases of Children and Adolescents. Antipsychotics, sedative hypnotics and antidepressants were dominating. Medical orders for splitting of tablets for female patients outnumbered those for male ones. Conclusion As required by special medicines and dosage, the splitting of oral tablets is widely used among inpatients in psychiatric hospitals. Pharmacists should check the quality of the splitting of oral tablets in order to promote the clinical rational use of drugs and ensure the safety and effectiveness of medication.
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    Retrospective Analysis of 1 229 Cases of Adverse Drug Reactions in Ophthalmology
    HONG Manzhu, DING Lu, HUANG Ying, TANG Xilan
    2021, 18(4): 377-380. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.18
    Abstract ( 184 )   PDF (1093KB) ( 125 )  
    Objective To analyze how adverse drug reactions (ADR) are caused by ophthalmological drugs in order to provide reference for rational use of drugs and risk prevention. Methods The ADR of 1 299 patients in 228 hospitals of an eye group collected by the drug data reporting platform between May 2017 and May 2020 were retrieved. The top 10 drugs in terms of administration routes, outcomes, main clinical manifestations and the number of ADR cases were evaluated and analyzed. Results Among the 1 229 cases of ADR, 671 (54.6%) were treated with topical drugs, 366 (29.78%) with intravenous drugs, and 152 (12.37%) with oral drugs. Among the top ten types of drugs that caused ADR, intravenous injection of fluorescein sodium injection caused 266 cases (45.70%), and diclofenac sodium eye drops caused 79 cases (13.57%). Sodium fluorescein injection and traditional Chinese medicine injection could cause anaphylactic shock. Conclusion Eye local medication can cause local and systemic adverse reactions. Attention should be paid to the adverse reactions caused by fluorescein sodium injection and traditional Chinese medicine injection, especially severe adverse reactions such as anaphylactic shock.
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    Myoclonus Caused by Pregabalin in Patients with Herpes Zoster Neuralgia and Literature Analysis
    CAI Jiangxia, DU Xian, SUN Peihuan, ZHANG Xiaoying, LIU Tao, YE Yinmei
    2021, 18(4): 381-383. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.19
    Abstract ( 166 )   PDF (1121KB) ( 117 )  
    Objective To investigate the safety and pharmaceutical care of pregabalin used in combination with CCB antihypertensive drugs. Methods Based on one case of pregabalin-induced myoclonus in a patient with herpes zoster neuralgia, the clinical pharmacist reviewed domestic and foreign literature, studied the characteristics of the disease and medication, analyzed the causes of myoclonus in the patient, and summarized the bottom line of prevention of adverse reactions and pharmaceutical care for clinical reference. Results The clinical pharmacist proposed that the combination of pregabalin and CCB antihypertensive drugs be used with caution. Conclusion It is essential that clinical pharmacists participate in the monitoring of clinically-used drugs, which can contribute to drug safety of patients and prevention of adverse reactions.
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    Acute Renal Failure Induced by Repeated Exposure to Ethambutol Hydrochloride, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin and Isoniazid Tablets
    HU Yemin, LIU Fang
    2021, 18(4): 384-387. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.20
    Abstract ( 135 )   PDF (1071KB) ( 79 )  
    Objective To analyze the causes of adverse reactions of acute renal failure in a 55-year-old female patient treated with ethambutol hydrochloride, pyrazinamide, rifampicin and isoniazid tablets(Ⅱ), and to summarize the experience and lessons learned at home and abroad. Methods By consulting the related literature and based on the patient's condition, clinical pharmacists identified the possible anti-tuberculosis drug that had induced acute renal failure in the patient. Results The adverse reactions of the patient with acute renal failure might have been due to the intermittent use of rifampicin. Conclusion Prior to treatment with ethambutol hydrochloride, pyrazinamide, rifampicin and isoniazid tablets, the medical history and indications of the patient should be clarified. Medication should be standardized and the intermittent use should be avoided as far as possible The participation of a clinical pharmacist in clinical treatment can help make medication more appropriate and ensure the safety of medication.
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    Research Progress in Chemical Constituents, Pharmacology and Toxicology of Volatile Oil in Asarum
    QIAN Shensi, LIU Meiyi, RONG Rong, YANG Yong
    2021, 18(4): 388-395. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.21
    Abstract ( 215 )   PDF (1211KB) ( 848 )  
    The clinical application of Asarum in traditional Chinese medicine is very extensive. Volatile oil, as a main active ingredient of Asarum, has a series of pharmacological effects such as anesthesia, antipyretic action, analgesia, anti-inflammation. However, Asarum volatile oil is also generally considered the material basis of its toxic and side effects, and improper use may lead to serious toxic reactions. In this study, the main components of Asarum volatile oil and recent research on their pharmacological and toxicological effects were categorized, analyzed and summarized by reviewing literature published over the past ten years. There is the need to carry out targeted pharmacodynamic and toxicological research on the main components of Asarum volatile oil in order to provide reference for the rational and effective application of Asarum and ensure the safety of clinical medication.
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    Active Ingredients of Ephedra and Their Clinical Application and Contraindications
    REN Haibo, WANG Yingchun, MA Jingei, LI Junshan, NIU Liying
    2021, 18(4): 396-399. 
    DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.2021.04.22
    Abstract ( 213 )   PDF (1116KB) ( 164 )  
    Ephedra was first documented in "Shen Nong's Materia Medica". It has complex chemical components and has many pharmacological activities such as diaphoresis, relieving asthma, diuresis, lowering blood lipids and anti-oxidation. It has a wide range of clinical applications. This article reviews the active ingredients, pharmacological effects, clinical application and contraindications of Ephedra with a view to providing reference for further in-depth research and safety of clinical medication of Ephedra and its related preparations.
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