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10 October 2012, Volume 9 Issue 10 Previous Issue    Next Issue
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The Toxic Injury Study of Arsenic Exposure from Different Origin Angelica Sinensis Exposure in Hepatic and Kidney of Mice WANG Xin,JIA Shuang-shuang,LI Jing 2012, 9(10): 577-579.  Abstract ( 196 )   PDF (386KB) ( 222 )   Objective To compare toxic injury of arsenic from difference origin Angelica sinensis exposure in mice liver and kidney, and probe into the related mechanisms. Methods Adult Kunming mice were randomly divided into 5 groups(control group,YN group, SC group, SX group and realgar group) and were given a several intragastric administration of Angelica sinensis and Realgar, respectively. Seventy two hours after administration, serum ALT, AST, UREA and CREA were analyzed by automatic biochemical analyzer to observe histopathologic change in liver and kidney.MT-1 mRNA and TNF-α mRNA were determined by RT-PCR. Results Accumulation of arsenicin liver and kidney of the Realgar group were significantly higher than control group, accompanied by the higher levels of serum ALT, AST, UREA, CREA(P＜0.050, may indicate injuries in the liver and kidney. Along with a little elevated MT-1 mRNA and TNF-α mRNA gene expression in Realgar group, but not in other groups(P＞0.05). Histology showed no pathological injuries of liver and kidney in three different origin Angelica sinensis groups. Conclusion Difference origin Angelica sinensis are much less acute toxic than Realgar. High dose Realgar may have effect on liver and kidney tissue. The Angelica sinensis are still safe to be used in proprietary Chinese medicines. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preliminary Study on Hepatocytes and Nephrocytes Toxicity Induced by Dauricine ZHOU Qian, JIN Ruo-min, YAO Guang-tao 2012, 9(10): 580-583.  Abstract ( 217 )   PDF (489KB) ( 271 )   ObjectiveTo test the toxic effects of dauricine on human normal hepatic cells(L-02), human embryonic kidney 293 cells(HEK293) and human renal tubular epithelial cells(HK-2). MethodsMTT assay was used to test the cell viability of dauricine on hepatocytes and nephrocytes. Morphological changes of hepatocytes and nephrocytes were observed through inverted phase contrast microscope. The contents of LDH in nephrocytes supernatant and AST, ALP, LDH in hepatocytes supernatant were detected. ResultsThe MTT assay showed that 50~100 g ·mL-1 dauricine could inhibit L-02 cells viability obviously(P <0.01), 25~200 g ·mL-1 dauricine showed significant inhibitory action on HEK-293 cells viability(P <0.01), 12.5~50 g ·mL-1 dauricine could inhibit HK-2 cells viability(P<0.01 or P<0.05). Cell morphology showed that dauricine could damage the shapes of hepatocytes and nephrocytes and increase the cells mortality in a dose-dependent manner by microscope. 100 and 200 g ·mL-1 Dauricine could increase the contents of LDH in nephrocytes supernatant and AST, ALP, LDH in hepatocytes supernatant(P <0.01). ConclusionDauricine may cause hepatocytes and nephrocytes toxicity. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Meta-Analysis on the Efficacy and Safety of Xueshuantong for Acute Brain Infraction LI Hai-tao, YU Zheng 2012, 9(10): 584-589.  Abstract ( 241 )   PDF (587KB) ( 204 )   Objective To evaluate efficacy and safety of Xueshuantong for acute brain infraction, from which to provide scientific proofs for clinical decision making. Methods We firstly retrieved and selected publications and then we assessed methodological quality of the included articles. Afterwards, employing Cochrane Collaboration's software RevMan 5.0, we conducted Meta-analyses with fixed or random effect models. Results A total of 11 papers were included in the study and the methodological quality was graded to C. As for total response rate, RRs and 95%CI were 1.33(1.10~1.44), 1.32(1.20~1.45), 1.37(1.22~1.53) and there were statistical differences between Xueshuantong alone and other Traditional Chinese Medicines(TCMs) alone, Xueshuantong+other drugs and TCMs+other drugs, Xueshuantong+other drugs and other TCMs alone. The sensitivity analysis tested and verified the reliability of the results above where P values were less than 0.001. Conclusion The adoption of Xueshuantong for acute brain infraction can improve total response rate as compared with other included Traditional Chinese drug interventions. However, because of low quality and relatively small sample size of the included studies, further multicenter randomized controlled trials with large sample size should be conducted to investigate the effectiveness and safety of Xueshuantong for acute brain infraction. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Use of the D-R Model to Define Trends in the Emergence of Ceftazidime-resistant Escherichia coli in China DING Fan, CUI Jin-fu, LIU Guo-yun, ZHANG Wen-juan 2012, 9(10): 590-594.  Abstract ( 194 )   PDF (501KB) ( 185 )   ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of the D-R model for defining trends in the appearance of ceftazidime-resistant Escherichia coli. MethodsActual data related to the manifestation of ceftazidime-resistant E. coli spanning years 1996~2009 were collected from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI). The novel D-R model and the GM(1,1) model were used to fit current data and from this, predict trends in the appearance of the drug-resistant phenotype. The results were evaluated by Relative Standard Error(RSE), Mean Absolute Deviation(MAD) and Mean Absolute Error(MAE). ResultsActual data originated from 430 publications encompassing 1004 citations of resistance. Resultsfrom the D-R model showed a rapid increase in the appearance of ceftazidime-resistant E. coli in China. These results were considered accurate based upon the minor values calculated for RSE, MAD and MAE, and D-R model better than those generated by the GM(1,1) model. ConclusionThe D-R model can be adapted to accurate fitting and predicting trends in the appearance of ceftazidime-resistant E. coli. The results show a close relationship between temporary trend and resistance rates presumed by D-R model. The results post rules of "increase-control-decrease-increase" in clinic and "steady-quickly increase-steady" in theory of ceftazidime-resistant E. coli. Those rules suggest that the less use of ceftazidime in quick increase period, the more decrease of resistance in E. coli. But in the steady period, whatever control or not of using of ceftazidime, it has less meaning. The rules may be generally ascribed to bacteria resistance to drugs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the Refined Process of the Total Bupleurum Saikosaponin by Macroporous Resins CHI Xue-jie, REN Hai-yong, HUANG Wei, LUAN Yong-fu, SUN Rong 2012, 9(10): 595-597.  Abstract ( 211 )   PDF (437KB) ( 316 )   ObjectiveTo explore the best refined process of the total Bupleurum saikosaponin. MethodsThe content of Saikoside A was assayed by HPLC. ODS-C18 column(150×4.6mm, 5μm) was used. The mobile phase consisted of methanol-water(30:70). The flow rate was 1mL ·min-1. The detection wavelength was 210nm. To compare refined ability of different macroporous resins by assaying Saikoside A by inspecting absorption flow rate, elution solvent and its usage, elution flow rate. ResultsThe calibration curve was in good linearity within the range of 50~250μg ·mL-1(r=0.9991), the average recovery was 99.22%(RSD=1.07%). The best conditions were: D101 macroporous resin, the absorption flow rate was 1BV ·h-1, the elution solvent was 70% ethanol and its usage was 5BV, the elution flow rate was 2BV ·h-1. The content of Saikoside A in the refined artical was about 3%. ConclusionThe assaying method was simple and had good repetitiveness, could be used to assay Saikoside A in the total Bupleurum saikosaponin refined article. The refined process of the total Bupleurum saikosaponin by D101 macroporous resin was feasible. The macroporous resin was recycling, so it had good applied prospect in the refined process of total Bupleurum saikosaponin. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Consideration on Pharmacovigilance Curriculum in Medical and Pharmaceutical Colleges YE Xiao-fei, XU Jin-fang, GUO Xiao-jing, HE Jia 2012, 9(10): 598-600.  Abstract ( 221 )   PDF (489KB) ( 349 )   Pharmacovigilance has extended from adverse drug reaction to the lifecycle of product. Practitioners in medicine are not familiar with pharmacovigilance in China now. Medical and pharmaceutical colleges, as the institute for training professionals, have the advantage to set up the curriculum of pharmacovigilance, teach knowledge relevant to pharmacovigilance, and promote the development of pharmacovigilance in China. In this article, we analyzed the necessity of setting this curriculum, difficulties and countermeasures, and other issues in the process. In the end, we suggest relevant colleges set the pharmacovigilance curriculum in the form of elective courses. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and Ponder of American Medical Device Trace Requirements JIA Jian-xiong, MENG Gang 2012, 9(10): 601-604.  Abstract ( 214 )   PDF (541KB) ( 297 )   This paper mainly analyzes the requirements of American medical equipment listed trace, and concludes its characteristics, such as laws and regulations, involving products, manufacturers and distributors responsibility, and summarizes its traceability system, inspection measures and product list characteristics, and then puts forward that the premarket laboratory research data, animal test data and small sample short-term clinical data can not fully express the instrument of all performance medical devices forward safety and effectiveness, and must go through long-term clinical follow-up to obtain the information. The proposal is to establish a particular high-risk implanted medical device listed trace in our country, in order to ensure the traceability of products and good for scientific evaluation with the long-term clinical results. To construct traceability system based on the high-risk products and new registered product traceability laws and regulations, and take the register as the technical means, and make the manufacturer and agency to be the main body in the traceability system. At the same time, let the industry association carry out their consultation, coordination, supervision and service enterprise social functions, strengthen the manufacturers' self-discipline, and make the product traceability system go smoothly so as to guarantee the public with safety, and effective ness. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis on Risk of Hemodialyzer ZHANG Min, ZHAO Yan, DING Hong 2012, 9(10): 605-606.  Abstract ( 201 )   PDF (478KB) ( 406 )   By reviewing the material, structure and the side effects of the hemodialyzer, and analyzing the reasons of the side effects, the author get the main point of hemodialyzer risks and preventive measures, to conduct the safe use of the hemodialyzer. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comparison of the Adverse Event Profiles of Lamotrigine Prescribed to Children and Adults -----the Introduction of Paediatric Postmarketing Pharmacovigilance Using Prescription-Event Monitoring in England SHEN Lu, LI Xin-ling, LIU Wei, FAN Yan, ZHANG Hua, GUO Xue, PENG Li-li 2012, 9(10): 607-614.  Abstract ( 236 )   PDF (646KB) ( 271 )   ObjectiveUsing postmarketing pharmacovigilance data collected shortly after market authorization of lamotrigine in the UK, a study was conducted to compare the adverse event(AE) profiles of children and adults taking lamotrigine, using modified signal detection methods. MethodsData from the lamotrigine Prescription Event Monitoring(PEM) study, an observational cohort study, were stratified by age and examined using summary statistics for adverse drug reactions(ADRs), reasons for stopping treatment, deaths and follow-up information. Incidence densities of AEs in children(0-17 years) and adults(≥18 years) in the first month of treatment were compared with months 2-6 to examine whether the AE rates were different in these two periods. AE rates in children were compared with those in adults(proportional reporting ratio[PRR] and incidence rate ratios), to compare the AE profiles between these age groups. ResultsThe cohort included 2457 children and 7379 adults. Differences in the AE profiles between children and adults were observed. Rash(PRR 1.2) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome(PRR 4.5) were more commonly reported in children, and confusion more frequently in adults(PRR 6.3). In children, 33%of ADRs were reported to the Regulatory Authority compared with 44% in adults. A higher proportion of children stopped treatment due to lack of effectiveness(45% vs 38%). No deaths were attributed to lamotrigine. ConclusionThis study demonstrated that signal detection methods can be used to detect quantitative and qualitative differences in the AE profiles between the first children and adults taking a newly licensed drug. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of the Aggregative Cases of Adverse Drug Reactions/Events in Our Hospital LI Lei, LIU Jing, WU Wen 2012, 9(10): 615-618.  Abstract ( 303 )   PDF (646KB) ( 498 )   The aggregative cases of adverse drug reactions/events(ADR/ADE) at our hospital in 2011 were statistically analyzed, and the causes were explained. Suggestions were given to reduce the damage induced by ADR/ADE. Intensive monitoring was given to the related clinical departments and largely used drugs to ensure the patients' medication safety. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Analysis of 166 Inpatients with Drug Eruption YU Jia, LUO Bao-xiang, WANG Xiao-bin, ZHENG Xia, ZHAN Ping 2012, 9(10): 619-621.  Abstract ( 262 )   PDF (574KB) ( 180 )   ObjectiveTo study the causative agents clinical types, therapy and prognosis of drug eruption. Methods166 cases of drug eruption admitted to our inpatients department since July 2008 to July 2010 were retrospectively analysed. The clinical records were studied. ResultsTotally 108 cases had definite allergic drugs and the major species were β-lactams(43 cases), traditional Chinese Medicine injections(15 cases), non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs(7 cases) and antipodagrics(7cases). The most common clinical types were urticaria-like type(43 cases), measles type(28 cases) and erythema polymorphe(19 cases). Among 30 severe cases, the predominant allergic species were carbamazepine(5 cases) and allopurinol(7 cases). There were 113 cases with hematological abnormality, 18 cases with liver or kidney dysfunction. While among the 30 severe patients, there were 26 cases with hematological abnormality and 12 cases with liver or kidney dysfunction. ConclusionDrug ertuption is most frequently induced by antibacterial agents while severe type is usually caused by antipodagric or antiepileptic drugs. The severe hospitalized patients usually were old people, easily be accompanied with hepatic or renal damage, whom should be paid more attention to. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Development on the Analytical Method of Content Determination about Alkaloids Component REN Hai-yong, FENG Qun, HUANG Wei, LI Xiao-jiaoyang 2012, 9(10): 622-624.  Abstract ( 283 )   PDF (570KB) ( 905 )   Alkaloids component is an important kind of natural nitrogenous organic compounds with diffenrent kinds of biological activities.The content determination methods are classified into total alkaloid and monomer alkaloid content determination.The methodology research develops fast at present. Both the advantages and disadvantages of each methodology and the advanced aspects have been made highlighting progress. In this paper, the research development on the analytical method of content determination about alkaloids component are reviewed, to provide a basis and analysis methods for the further study of the analytical method for establishing the more efficient, more sensitive, more accurate content determination method about alkaloids component. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Development on Cardiovascular Events Induced by Selective COX-2 Inhibitors WANG Nan, MAO Lu 2012, 9(10): 625-627.  Abstract ( 365 )   PDF (559KB) ( 480 )   Reviewing the literatures about selective COX-2 inhibitors induce cardiovascular event among domestic and overseas. Analysing the toxicology, correlational research and serious adverse reaction events about selective COX-2 inhibitors induce cardiovascular event. Advising to pay close attention to patient cardiovascular situation when doctor using selective COX-2 inhibitors, and regularly monitor vital sign about cardiovascular situation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Risk and Avoidance of Hypertonic Drug Use CUI Xiang-li, SUI Da-li, LI Jing, ZHANG Yu, SHI Wei-zhong, ZHAO Zhi-gang 2012, 9(10): 628-630.  Abstract ( 294 )   PDF (671KB) ( 205 )   Hypertonic drugs are widely used in clinical medication, including many kinds, such as dehydration drug, electrolyte, hypertonic sugar, expansion agent and contrast agent. Rapid infusion of these drugs easily leads to phlebitis. Hypertonic contrast agents can also cause kidney damage. The classification and risk of hypertonic drugs were summarized in this article, and the prophylaxis and treatment of phlebitis induced by these drugs were also summarized. Our aim is to suggest that clinical staff should be alert to the risk while they use hypertonic drugs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Safe Application of the Easy Confusion Drug ZHANG Jing-jing, WANG Xiao-ling, WEI Jin-hai 2012, 9(10): 631-634.  Abstract ( 192 )   PDF (635KB) ( 471 )   ObjectiveWarning the clinical medical personnel to pay more attention to the similar package and name of drug. MethodsWe analyzed all of the drugs in outpatient in 2011 including the similar package and name of drug. ResultsA total of 38 groups were worked out including 18 groups similar package of drug and 20 groups with similar name of drug. ConclusionThe clinical medical personnel should pay enough attention in the work of the similar package and name of drug, try to eliminate error hidden dangers and guarantee the safety for treating patients. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis and Countermeasures for Drug Withdrawal Phenomenon at Inpatient Pharmacy ZHANG Xiao-hong 2012, 9(10): 635-636.  Abstract ( 225 )   PDF (642KB) ( 220 )   Objective To reduce the conflicts between doctors and patients,and ensure clinical medication safety. Methods Take out all drug withdrawal prescriptions(2114) for the inpatients in our hospital from 2010 to 2011, analyze drug withdrawal reasons, amount of money and corresponding radio. Results The drug withdrawal rates were the highest for pediatric department and ICU(pediatric). The drug withdrawal ratio resulted from changing medication regimens by physicians was up to 41.67%, the next respectively was adverse reactions(25.35%), nurse entry errors(22.28%) and pharmacy reason(4.02% ). Conclusion It's necessary to strengthen the management of hospital pharmacy, implement the first asking duty system for drug withdrawal, provide professional service to the patients in combination with good attitude. References | Related Articles | Metrics