蛭类药用研究进展

doi:10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250927

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目的梳理蛭类的分类现状、形态特征、生理适应机制、药理作用及趋避防治研究进展,为蛭类资源的基础研究、药用开发与科学利用提供参考。方法检索中国知网、万方医学、PubMed、Web of Science、中国生物志库等国内外数据库,结合相关专著、综述及研究论文,分析蛭类分类学、解剖学、生理学、药理学及防治技术等方面的研究。结果蛭类分类体系尚未完全统一,我国蛭类实际物种多样性可能被低估。蛭类具有特化的形态结构、解剖特征及生理适应机制,其唾液腺分泌物富含多种生物活性成分,在抗凝、抗血栓、抗炎和促进伤口愈合等方面具有重要药理学价值,但其作用机制及构效关系尚未完全明确。蛭类趋避、防治及资源化利用研究虽不断发展,相关技术体系仍有待完善。结论当前蛭类研究已在分类、形态结构及药理作用等方面取得一定进展,但在分类修订、多样性调查及活性成分开发利用等方面仍存在不足。建议未来加强传统分类学与分子系统学的结合,重点推进蛭类药理活性物质的功能解析与应用开发,促进蛭类资源的科学评价、合理利用与可持续发展。

关键词: 水蛭, 分类, 形态学, 生理学, 药理, 防治, 趋避

Abstract: Objective To review the current taxonomy, morphology, physiological adaptation mechanisms and pharmacological effects of leeches as well as research progress in repellency and control measures in order to provide a reference for basic research, development of pharmaceuticals, and efficient use of leech resources. Methods Such databases as CNKI, Wanfang Medicine, PubMed, Web of Science, and the China Species Library were searched for related literature. Studies on the taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and control technologies of leeches were summarized and analyzed. Results The taxonomic system of leeches was not made uniform in China, and the actual species of leeches might have been underestimated. Leeches possessed a specialized morphology, anatomy, and mechanism for physiological adaptation, whose salivary gland secretions were rich in bioactive components and important pharmacologically due to their anticoagulant, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing-promoting properties. However, the mechanisms of action and structure-activity relationships remained to be elucidated. Despite the constant advances in research on repellency, control, and resource utilization of leeches, the related technological systems still needed to be improved. Conclusion Considerable progress has been made in research on the taxonomy, morphological structure, and pharmacological effects of leeches. However, the taxonomic revision, diversity surveys, and development and application of active components leave much to be desired. Traditional taxonomy should be used in combination with molecular systematics. More effort needs to be devoted to the functional analysis, applications and development of pharmacologically active substances derived from leeches so as to promote the valid evaluation, rational use, and sustainable development of leech resources.

Key words: Leech, Taxonomy, Morphology, Physiology, Pharmacology, Control, Repellence

中图分类号:

R282
R915

王雪妮, 刘文萍, 张宇男, 倪喆鑫, 皇甫超济, 周维, 高月. 蛭类药用研究进展[J]. 中国药物警戒, 2026, 23(6): 707-713.

WANG Xueni, LIU Wenping, ZHANG Yunan, NI Zhexin, HUANGFU Chaoji, ZHOU Wei, GAO Yue. Research Progress in Medicinal of Leeches[J]. Chinese Journal of Pharmacovigilance, 2026, 23(6): 707-713.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://zgywjj.magtechjournal.com/CN/10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250927

https://zgywjj.magtechjournal.com/CN/Y2026/V23/I6/707

参考文献

[1] GUAN DL.Construction of Fine Whole-Genome Maps and Evolutionary Analysis of Anticoagulant Mechanisms of Three Leeches[D]. Xi’an: Shaanxi Normal Univwesity, 2018.
[2] PHILLIPS AJ, DORNBURG A, ZAPFE KL, et al.Phylogenomic Analysis of a Putative Missing Link Sparks Reinterpretation of Leech Evolution[J]. Genome Biology and Evolution, 2019, 11(11): 3082-3093.
[3] DING Z, CHEN KL, SHE YY, et al.Research Advances of Medicinal Leeches and Leech Polypeptides[J]. Modern Chinese Medicine(中国现代中药), 2022, 24(8): 1588-1594.
[4] TAN EG.Progress in the Study of Ecology, Zoogeography, Group, Control Repellent and Medical Usage of Hirudinea in China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica(生态学报), 2008, 28(12): 6272-6281.
[5] TAN EG.Zoogeoraphy of Hirudinidae in China[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni(中山大学学报), 2007, 46(1): 100-104.
[6] GUAN D, YANG J, LIU Y, et al.Draft Genome of the Asian Buffalo Leech Hirudinaria Manillensis[J]. Frontiers in Genetics, 2020, 10: 1321.
[7] WANG YY.Atlas of Common Aquatic Organisms in Chinese River Basins(中国流域常见水生生物图集)[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2020.
[8] KAYGORODOVA I.Application of Modern Approaches to Species Delimitation in Freshwater Erpobdellidae (Hirudinea: Arhynchobdellida) with a New Interpretation of Their Genera[J]. Water, 2024, 16(7): 1030.
[9] KARBSTEIN K, KOSTERS L, HODAC L, et al.Species Delimitation 4.0: Integrative Taxonomy Meets Artificial Intelligence[J]. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2024, 39(8): 771-784.
[10] LIU YJ.Study on a New Formulation of Tea Tree Oil Repellent and Its Mechanism of Action[D]. Jinan: Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 2021.
[11] MA Y.Morphological Structure and Embryonic Development of Whitmania pigra[D]. Chongqing:Southwest University, 2016.
[12] XIANG HY, XIANG DQ, YAN AR, et al.A Comparative Morphological Study of the Jaws and Denticles in the Pharynx of Sinospelaeobdella Wulingensis and Haemadipsa Tianmushana[J]. Journal of Biology(生物学杂志), 2025, 42(5): 98-102.
[13] GAO ST.Study on the Histological Structure and Related Functions of the Digestive System in Hirudinaria manillensis[D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2016.
[14] MA Y, YOU HJ, LI J, et al.Morphological Structure of the Genital System and Embryonic Development of Whitmania pigra[J]. Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science Edition)(西南大学学报自然科学版), 2017, 39(7): 64-71.
[15] YANG T.The Specificity of Chemoreceptors in Blood-Sucking Leeches[J]. Bulletin of Biology(生物学通报), 2001, 36(12): 8-9.
[16] YANG T.Fauna Sinica: Invertebrata(中国动物志无脊椎动物)[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1996.
[17] Editorial Committee of Fauna Sinica, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fauna Sinica: Invertebrata(中国动物志无脊椎动物)[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 2014.
[18] XIANG DQ, XIANG HY, YAN AR, et al.Morphological Observation of Chemoreceptors in the Oral Suckers of Sinospelaeobdella Wulingensis and Haemadipsa Tianmushana[J]. Chinese Journal of Zoology(动物学杂志), 2025, 60(4): 561-569.
[19] CAI M, SHEN H, XING Y, et al.Starvation-Induced Changes in the Proteome and Transcriptome of the Salivary Glands of Leech (Hirudo nipponia)[J]. PloS One, 2024, 19(6): e0304453.
[20] GAO ST, SU Y, YUAN Y, et al.Histological and Histochemistrical Study on Digestive System of Poecilobdella Manillensis[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica(水生生物学报), 2016, 40(3): 514-523.
[21] LENT CM, FLIEGNER KH, FREEDMAN E, et al.Ingestive Behaviour and Physiology of the Medicinal Leech[J]. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 1988, 137: 513-527.
[22] ZHU YL, JIA MX, QU RY, et al.The Unique Biogenesis Pathway of Extracellular Vesicles in Hirudo nipponia Salivary Gland Cells[J]. Tissue & Cell, 2026, 99: 103296.
[23] LIU Z, ZHAO F, HUANG Z, et al.Revisiting the Asian Buffalo Leech (Hirudinaria manillensis) Genome: Focus on Antithrombotic Genes and Their Corresponding Proteins[J]. Genes, 2023, 14(11): 2068.
[24] ALAAMA M, KUCUK O, BILIR B, et al.Development of Leech Extract as a Therapeutic Agent, a Chronological Review[J]. Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine, 2024, 10(100355): 1425-2667.
[25] HUANG H, HOU X, XU R, et al.Structure and Cleavage Pattern of a Hyaluronate 3-Glycanohydrolase in the Glycoside Hydrolase 79 Family[J]. Carbohydr Polym, 2022, 277: 118838.
[26] XIAO L, CHEN KL.Review and Analysis of Processing Technology and Active Ingredients of Medicinal Leech[J]. Frontiers in Pharmaceutical Sciences(药学前沿), 2014, 17(10): 1760-1762.
[27] MISELL LM, SHAW BK, KRISTAN WB.Behavioral Hierarchy in the Medicinal Leech, Hirudo Medicinalis: Feeding as a Dominant Behavior[J]. Behavioural Brain Research, 1998, 90(1): 13-21.
[28] MESCE KA, ALANIA M, GAUDRY Q, et al. The Stomatogastric Nervous System of the Medicinal Leech: Its Anatomy, Physiology and Associated Aminergic Neurons[J]. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2018, 221(Pt 7): jeb175687.
[29] PIEPHOFF F, TAYLOR BK, KEHL CE, et al.Biomechanics of Transduction by Mechanosensory Cilia for Prey Detection in Aquatic Organisms[J]. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 2024, 583: 111782.
[30] MIAO Y, GUO Q, SHI H, et al.Study on Foraging Mechanism of Leeches with Different Feeding Habits Based on Chemoreception and Foraging Behavior[J]. Invertebrate Biology, 2023, 142(1): 11.
[31] GROVES TKH, JELLIES JA.Spectral Responses Across a Dorsal-Ventral Array of Dermal Sensilla in the Medicinal Leech[J]. Journal of Comparative Physiology, 2021, 207(6): 715-727.
[32] RAGHAVI S, DEVA DB, SARAVANAN KM, et al.Molecular Insights into Leech-Derived Bioactive Compounds: Biochemical Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2026, 27(5): 2112.
[33] HOSSEINI M, JADIDI A, BARJOEI MMD, et al.Applications of Leech Therapy in Medicine: a Systematic Review[J]. Frontiers in Medicine, 2024, 11: 7.
[34] SHI F, HU Q, LIN Y, et al.Multi-Target Anticoagulant Regulation by Peptides from Medicinal Leeches: a Unique Natural Strategy against Thrombosis[J]. Pharmaceutical Research, 2026, 43(1): 279-290.
[35] LI Q, LIU Y, REN B, et al.Recombinant Neorudin and Its Active Metabolite Hirudin: the Fate in vivo of a Novel Anticoagulant Drug[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2024, 15: 1443475.
[36] CHENG B, LIU F, GUO Q, et al.Identification and Characterization of Hirudin-HN, a New Thrombin Inhibitor, from the Salivary Glands of Hirudo nipponia[J]. PeerJ, 2019, 7: e7716.
[37] ZHAO F, HUANG Z, HE B, et al.Comparative Genomics of Two Asian Medicinal Leeches Hirudo nipponia and Hirudo tianjinensis: with Emphasis on Antithrombotic Genes and Their Corresponding Proteins[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 270(Pt 1): 132278.
[38] BELYAEV AV, KUSHCHENKO YK.Biomechanical Activation of Blood Platelets via Adhesion to Von Willebrand Factor Studied with Mesoscopic Simulations[J]. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, 2023, 22(3): 785-808.
[39] DECKMYN H, STASSEN JM, VREYS I, et al.Calin from Hirudo Medicinalis, an Inhibitor of Platelet Adhesion to Collagen, Prevents Platelet-Rich Thrombosis in Hamsters[J]. Blood, 1995, 85(3): 712-719.
[40] BOBROVSKY P, MANUVERA V, BASKOVA I, et al.Recombinant Destabilase from Hirudo medicinalis Is Able to Dissolve Human Blood Clots in vitro[J]. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 2021, 43(3): 2068-2081.
[41] AYHAN H, SEVIN S, KARAASLAN S, et al.Immunomodulatory Effects of Medicinal Leech Saliva Extract on in vitro Activated Macrophages[J]. Immunologic Research, 2024, 73(1): 9.
[42] BILDEN A, SABANCILAR I, AZARKAN SY, et al.Investigating the Therapeutic Potential of Crude Leech Saliva Based on Its Anticancer, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects[J]. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 2025, 47(5): 18.
[43] LU J, CHEN X, XU X, et al.Active Polypeptides from Hirudo Inhibit Endothelial Cell Inflammation and Macrophage Foam Cell Formation by Regulating the LOX-1/LXR-α/ABCA1 Pathway[J]. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2019, 115: 11.
[44] CHEN B, DING X, YANG Y.Hirudin Regulates Vascular Function in Chronic Renal Failure through Modulating Macrophage Polarization[J]. Biomed Research International, 2022, 2022: 11.
[45] ZAKIAN A, AHMADI HA, KELESHTERI MH, et al.Study on the Effect of Medicinal Leech Therapy (Hirudo Medicinalis) on Full-Thickness Excisional Wound Healing in the Animal Model[J]. Research in Veterinary Science, 2022, 153: 153-168.
[46] ÜNNAL K, KHUSAINOV N, EROL ME, et al.Leech Saliva Extract Enhances Incisional Skin Wound Healing in Rats by Improving Neovascularisation and Tissue Regeneration[J]. Iraqi Journal of Science, 2025, 66(11): 4896-4909
[47] ÜNAL K, EMRE EM, DAYANIR D, et al.Investigating the Therapeutic Potential of Medical Leech and Leech Saliva Extract in Flap Survival: an in vivo Study Using Rats[J]. Journal of Complementary & Integrative Medicine, 2025, 22(4): 614-622.
[48] WONG FJ, CHONG WS, YONG YS, et al.Metabolite Profiling and Antipathogenic Properties of Rhizophora Mucronata against Marine Leech Pterobdella Arugamensis and Vibrio Species in Hybrid Grouper[J]. Aquaculture International, 2025, 33(6): 31.
[49] TAN E, LIANG C.Toxicity of Different Pesticides to Haemadipsa Hainana and Its Control[J]. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao, 2001, 12(2): 266-268.
[50] ZHANG J, TAN EG.Study on the Repellent Effects of Repellents against Land Leeches[J]. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine(中华预防医学杂志), 1982, 16(6): 331-334.