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15 January 2026, Volume 23 Issue 1 Previous Issue   

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Advances in Research of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes BAI Zhijie, GAO Yue 2026, 23(1): 1-6.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250908 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (1319KB) ( 1 )   Objective To explore the current research, core mechanisms, opportunities, and challenges related to mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in disease treatment, and to provide references for their subsequent clinical translation. Methods PubMed was searched for related literature by using mesenchymal stem cell and exosome as key words. Articles published within the past ten years and those published earlier were included to summarize the research findings and applications associated with the discovery, components and functional mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes. Challenges facing the clinical translation of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes were discussed. Results Exosomes were the crucial mediator of functions of mesenchymal stem cells and could be potentially used for the treatment of diseases. Exosomes enjoyed advantages over mesenchymal stem cells in quality control and safety assessment due to their simpler structure and lower immunogenicity. In addition, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes were nanoscale in size, making it possible for them to cross the blood-brain barrier. These exosomes promised to be a sphere of study that was capable of easy translation. Conclusion Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are one of the hot spots for regenerative medicine and rapid progress is being made in basic research and clinical translation. There is evidence that exosomes are lower in immunogenicity, stronger in tissue penetration and higher in targeting potential compared with mesenchymal stem cell therapies, which makes mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes superior to traditional stem cell therapies. The cell-free therapy strategy generated herein can possibly provide a new line of thought for research into stem cell therapies. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics and Prevention of Organ Toxicity Induced by Tripterygium wilfordii Based on Integration of Five-Element Theory TCM and Modern Mechanisms ZHANG Xiaomeng, QU Congcong, JI Yuxin, LIN Zhijian, ZHANG Bing 2026, 23(1): 7-11.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250816 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (1354KB) ( 0 )   Objective To propose a hypothesis on the transmission and transformation of organ toxicity by Tripterygium wilfordii based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theories and modern pathophysiological mechanisms in order to contribute to related prevention and control strategies. Methods The clinical manifestations and molecular mechanisms underlying the damage induced by Tripterygium wilfordii to the liver, kidney, heart, gastrointestinal tract and other organs were reviewed. By integrating the Five-element Theory of TCM with modern toxicology, a framework was established to elucidate the mechanisms of such organ toxicity. Results Based on analysis involving Five-element interactions and biological signaling pathways, a time-dependent progression pattern of organ injury was identified, characterized by a dynamic sequence of “originating in the liver (wood), followed by damage to the spleen (earth), heart (fire), and kidney (water), ultimately affecting the lung (metal) and bone marrow”. Such integration suggested that the toxicity of Tripterygium wilfordii did not merely result from isolated organ targeting, but was a networked and sequentially propagated pathological process across organs. Conclusion According to the principle of “blocking disease transmission”, a comprehensive prevention strategy has been proposed that involves early biomarker-based warning systems, rational herb-herb compatibility in TCM formulations for toxicity mitigation, and modern targeted interventions. This integrated framework can not only facilitate safe clinical use of Tripterygium wilfordii, but also provide a reproducible paradigm for investigating organ toxicity in other herbal medicines. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Efficacy-Toxicity of Triptolide in Treating Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Computational Prediction and Zebrafish Observations JI Yuxin, LIN Yan, FENG Xinyu, WANG Yu, ZHANG Xiaomeng, ZHANG Bing 2026, 23(1): 12-18.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250634 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (1860KB) ( 0 )   Objective To investigate the temporal sequence of development of organ toxicity induced by triptolide (TP) and its relationship with the cumulative dose, and analyze its efficacy-toxicity mechanisms in order to provide data on clinical safety of TP. Methods Using zebrafish embryos at 2 days post-fertilization (dpf) as a model, a fluorescently labeled TP exposure group was set up to dynamically observe the onset sequence of toxicity and related phenotypic alterations in the heart, liver, kidney and intestines 72 hours later. Network pharmacology and toxicology were used to identify common targets of TP in treating systemic lupus erythematosus and inducing organ toxicity before GO/KEGG enrichment analysis was conducted. Results Triptolide sequentially induced damage to the zebrafish liver (72 h), heart (74 h), intestines (78 h), and kidney (80 h). Enrichment analysis revealed that the potential mechanisms underlying its efficacy and toxicity were highly similar, involving molecular pathways related to apoptosis and inflammatory responses. ALB might serve as a potential biomarker for TP-induced organ toxicity. Conclusion The organ toxicity induced by TP is distinctly temporal and dose-dependent. The strong similarity in its potential “efficacy-toxicity” mechanisms suggests that the relationship between the therapeutic effect and toxicity may be associated with the cumulative dose. These findings can provide a reference for clinical oversight of and interventions in time-dependent toxicity, offering new strategies for clinical prevention and treatment. However, differences in drug metabolism and anatomical structure between zebrafish and humans require that the sequence of organ toxicity be studied based on clinical cases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Benefit-Risk Assessment of Tripterygium Glycosides Tablets in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Based on an MCDA and Zebrafish Model ZHANG Xiaomeng, YUAN Yueying, JI Yuxin, ZHAO Xuejing, LIN Zhijian, ZHANG Bing 2026, 23(1): 19-25.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250864 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (1843KB) ( 0 )   Objective To quantitatively evaluate the benefits and risks of Tripterygium Glycosides tablets (TGT) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to explore optimized medications. Methods A multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) model was used for a quantitative benefit-risk assessment (BRA) of the included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) before the effects of varied medication conditions on the overall benefit-risk profiles of TGT were simulated. Using zebrafish as an in vivo model, the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to analyze the interactions of dosage, exposure durations, and combination therapies with drug-related risks. The parameter with the lowest toxicity was screened. Results A total of 60 RCTs were included in the analysis. MCDA results suggested that the therapeutic benefits of TGT against RA outweighed risks. The results of BRAs were the best when the prescribed dosage ranged from 60 to 90 mg·d-1, the course of treatment was short (less than 2 months), and TGTs were combined with methotrexate (MTX). Zebrafish-based RSM analysis revealed that a triptolide concentration of 48.91 mg·L-1, an exposure duration of 48.39 hours, and an MTX concentration of 109.35 μmol·L-1 yielded a predicted SV-BA distance that was the closest to the reference value 1, indicating the minimal toxicity expressions.This optimal parameter set provided evidence for the clinically BRA derived strategies. Conclusion By combining clinical evaluation with biological experiments, this study has quantitatively identified “the prescribed dose, a short course of treatment, and combination with MTX” as the optimized usage of TGT against RA. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective Effects of Mongolian Medicines Saurile, Zhenbao Pills and Zandan-3 against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Mice: a Comparative Study SONG Xiaoxia, YANG Yan, ZHOU Shuhong, ZHAO Xiangdong, ZHANG Zhongyue, ZHANG Xiaoru, GAO Qian, WANG Minjie 2026, 23(1): 26-33.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250355 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (2466KB) ( 0 )   Objective To compare the protective effects of three classic Mongolian medicinal formulas—Saurile, Zhenbao pills, and Zandan-3 decoction—against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice, and to identify the optimal formula for subsequent mechanistic investigations. Methods A total of 120 C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into six groups: sham-operated group, model group, nimodi-pine group (46.8 mg·kg-1), Saurile group (338 mg·kg-1), Zhenbao pill group (780 mg·kg-1), and Zandan-3 decoction group (1 950 mg·kg-1), with 20 mice in each group. The treatment groups were administered with respective formulas via gavage for 10 days, while the sham-operated and model groups received an equivalent volume of saline. A transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model was established using the filament method, involving 1.5 hours of ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. The sham-operated group underwent the surgical procedure without filament insertion. After 24 hours of reperfusion, brain tissues were harvested for TTC staining to assess the ischemic area, HE and Nissl staining were used to observe pathological changes, and behavioral scoring was recorded. Serum samples were collected to measure levels of SOD, MDA, and LDH. The protective effects of Saurile, Zhenbao pills, and Zandan-3 decoction against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury were compared, and network pharmacology was employed to predict the targets of Saurile. Results Compared to the sham-operated group, there was a significant increase in the infarct area based on TTC staining, a markedly reduced neurobehavioral score (P<0.001), evident infarct lesions as evidenced by HE staining, and pronounced neuronal damage after Nissl staining in the model group (P<0.001). Serum levels of SOD, MDA, and LDH were significantly decreased (P<0.001). Compared with the model group, the nimodipine, Saurile, Zhenbao Pill, and Zandan-3 Decoction groups showed a significant decrease in the infarct area according to TTC staining (P<0.05), an increased neurobehavioral score (P<0.05), a decrease in lesions based on HE and Nissl staining (P<0.05), and higher serum levels of SOD, MDA, and LDH (P<0.05). Saurile proved to be the most effective, followed by Zhenbao pills and Zandan-3 decoction. Conclusion This study has found that, compared to the model group, the classic Mongolian medicinal formulas Saurile, Zhenbao pills, and Zandan-3 decoction can significantly ameliorate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Saurile delivers the best effect, potentially by regulating the MAPK signaling pathway and inhibiting inflammatory responses. However, the specific active components and precise mechanisms require more study. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Active Constituents of Mongolian Medicinal Gentiana dahurica Fisch. Flower Ameliorate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Mice through NF-κB Signaling Pathway ZHANG Wenxue, WANG Ning, GUO Qi, SONG Wenxuan, CHEN Xingyu, MA Ao, WANG Minjie, YI Letai 2026, 23(1): 34-41.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250783 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (2393KB) ( 0 )   Objective To investigate the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of active constituents-caffeic acid and quercetin-from Gentiana dahurica flower against lung injury in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by cigarette smoke exposure combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods A COPD mouse model was established by combining cigarette smoke exposure with intranasal LPS administration. Sixty male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to five groups (n=12): control group, model group, dexamethasone group (2 mg·kg⁻¹), caffeic acid group (15 mg·kg⁻¹), and quercetin group (10 mg·kg⁻¹). Except the control group, all the mice were exposed to cigarette smoke using a semi-automatic exposure system for 16 weeks. Drug administration by gavage started at week 5 and continued for 12 weeks. Low-dose LPS was intranasally instilled once weekly. Body weight, lung function, histopathological changes, inflammatory mediator expressions, and NF-κB pathway-related protein levels were recorded. Molecular docking analysis was conducted to evaluate the binding affinity of caffeic acid and quercetin to key NF-κB signaling proteins. Results Compared with the control group, COPD model mice exhibited suppressed body weight gain, impaired lung function, pronounced inflammatory lung injury, and significantly elevated mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines as well as increased expressions of NF-κB p65 and IκBα proteins (P<0.05). Treatment with caffeic acid or quercetin markedly improved body weight and lung function, alleviated pathological damage to the lung, and significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine expressions and NF-κB pathway-related protein levels compared with the model group (P<0.05). Molecular docking results demonstrated stable binding of both caffeic acid and quercetin to key proteins of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusion Caffeic acid and quercetin, the major active constituents of Gentiana dahurica flower, can effectively ameliorate lung dysfunction, pathological injury, and inflammatory responses in COPD mice, potentially by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway activation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Treatment of Hypertensive Cardiac Hypertrophy with Siwei Tumuxiang Powder Based on Tissue Non-Targeted Metabolomics REN Zhongjie, WEI Minghui, YIN Dongjie, GUO Ying, LU Ziyu, YU Yang, GUO Yuting, ZHANG Xin, LIU Fangbing, ZHANG Jiaru, WANG Minjie, XUE Mingming 2026, 23(1): 42-49.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250594 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (2392KB) ( 0 )   Objective To investigate the mechanism through which Siwei Tumuxiang powder (STP) intervenes in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy (HCH) in rats. Methods Forty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=10 each): the sham-operated (Sham) group, model (Mod) group, STP group (1.6 g·kg-1), and positive control captopril (CAP) group (0.015 g·kg-1). The last three groups underwent abdominal aortic coarctation (AAC) to induce HCH while the Sham group received abdominal aortic isolation without ligation. Concurrently, the STP and CAP groups were subjected to eight weeks of interventions with STP and CAP, whereas the Sham and Mod groups received 0.9% saline solution via gavage. After 8 weeks, cardiac function was assessed using echocardiography. Pathological changes in cardiac tissues were observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and Masson staining. The mRNA expression levels of hypertrophy markers β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) and the myocardial fibrosis marker transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were measured using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Protein expression levels of β-MHC and TGF-β were determined by Western blot (WB). Additionally, metabolomic analysis was conducted. Results Compared to the Sham group, the ventricular wall thickened, cardiac function impaired, myocardial fibrosis and inflammatory infiltration became more pronounced, and mRNA and protein expression levels of β-MHC and TGF-β were elevated in the Mod group. In contrast, significant improvements in these indexes were observed in the STP group. Untargeted metabolomics identified 13 differential metabolites and implicated 14 pathways, including arachidonic acid metabolism and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Conclusion STP exerts therapeutic effects against HCH and metabolic disorders through multi-target interventions, possibly by regulating energy metabolism and suppressing inflammatory responses. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Origin and Compatibility of Sargassum-Glycyrrhiza Based on Data Mining WEI Yanxu, ZHENG Yali, LUO Sisi, LIAO Zhaojun, ZHANG Shiyi, XIU Linlin 2026, 23(1): 50-54.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250095 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (1533KB) ( 0 )   Objective To explore the origin and clinical applications of sargassum-glycyrrhiza medicinal pairs, and analyze their safety and efficacy. Methods We searched such databases as CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, and the Cloud Platform of Ancient and Modern Medical Cases V2.3.9 for prescriptions relating to sargassum-glycyrrhiza pairs, established a prescription database by using Microsoft Excel 2021, and analyzed such pairs statistically in terms of origin, major applications, and compatibility. The association rules and clustering were investigated in depth by using SPSS Modeler 18.0 and SPSS Statistics 27.0. Results A total of 123 formulas were included, involving 334 flavors of Chinese medicines and with a total frequency of 1 809 times. The combinations of sargassum-glycyrrhiza originated in the Tang Dynasty, and were used mostly to treat breast fetish and scrofula, gall diseases, obstruction in the abdomen, and blindness. The safety depended on the dosage, the proportion of either drug, and the combination of medicines. Clinically, raw and unprocessed products of these drugs were usually used at the ratio of 2∶1, and were often combined with such drugs as kombucha, galbanum, angelica, dried tangerine peel and Ligusticum wallichii. Conclusion Sargassum- glycyrrhiza medicinal pairs are widely used in clinical combinations. The data on their clinical applications provided in this study is expected to contribute to safe, effective and rational clinical use of related drugs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Haizao-Gancao Herbal Pair on JNK1/Bcl-2/Beclin1 Pathway Expressions in Rats with Goiter WU Meijing, XU Xiangnan, LIU Xiaoqing, YU Xue, ZHONG Gansheng, XIU Linlin 2026, 23(1): 55-62.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250710 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (2556KB) ( 0 )   Objective To investigate the therapeutic effect of the incompatible Haizao-Gancao herbal pair against goitre, and to explore whether this effect is associated with autophagy regulated by the JNK1/Bcl-2/Beclin1 pathway. Methods Rats were randomly assigned to six groups: control, model, Euthyrox, high-dose Haizao-Gancao(HG-H, 7.92 g·kg-1), medium-dose Haizao-Gancao (HG-M, 3.96 g·kg-1), and low-dose Haizao-Gancao (HG-L, 1.98 g·kg-1) groups. Except the control group, all the groups were orally administrated with propylthiouracil (PTU) for 14 days to replicate a pathological model of goiter rats. After modeling, each treatment group received their respective medication of 14 days. To stabilize the model, the treatment groups received oral PTU every other day at the previous dosage. The efficacy of HG was assessed based on histopathology of thyroid tissues of rats. Key targets were validated via immunofluorescence, reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and Western blot (WB) analysis. Results Compared with the control group, the thyroid coefficient increased in the model group (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, the thyroid coefficient decreased in all the three HG groups (P<0.05). Under light microscopy, irregular follicular morphology, smaller areas of thyroid follicular cavities, increased height of follicular epithelial cells, and larger numbers of nuclei were observed in the model group compared with the control group. Compared with the model group, the thyroid pathological morphology was significantly improved in the Euthyrox and all HG groups. LC3 immunofluorescence staining revealed enhanced LC3 fluorescence intensity in both the model and HG-L groups compared with the control group (P<0.05). However, the intensity of LC3 fluorescence decreased in the HG-L group relative to the model group (P<0.05). RT-qPCR and WB analysis suggested that mRNA and protein expression levels of JNK1, Beclin1, PI3KC3, and LC3 were significantly elevated in thyroid tissues of the model group (P<0.05) compared with the control group, while Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Compared with the model group, mRNA and protein expression levels of JNK1, Beclin1, PI3KC3, and LC3 were significantly downregulated in thyroid tissues in the HG-L group (P<0.05), while mRNA and protein expression levels of Bcl-2 were significantly upregulated (P< 0.05). Conclusion Haizao-Gancao herbal pair can inhibit cellular autophagy by regulating the expression levels of key downstream factors along the JNK1 pathway—Bcl-2, Beclin1, PI3KC3, and LC3, thereby exerting its therapeutic effect on goiter. The JNK1/Bcl-2/Beclin1 signaling pathway may be a key molecular mechanism underlying the therapeutic efficacy of Haizao and Gancao against goiter. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects and Mechanisms of Haizao-Gancao Pair on Oxidative Stress and Thyroid Ferroptosis Levels in Rats with Goiter ZHANG Wenkang, WU Meijing, YU Xue, DING Tunan, GUO Tiantian, LEI Feiyang, XIU Linlin 2026, 23(1): 63-69.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250463 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (2749KB) ( 0 )   Objective To investigate the therapeutic effects of Haizao and Gancao against oxidative stress and ferroptosis in goiter rats and the molecular mechanism. Methods Based on the network pharmacology platform, the potential mechanisms of action of Haizao and Gancao in ameliorating goiter were explored. Seventy-eight Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group, model group, Euthyrox group, and low-, medium-, and high-dose groups of Haizao and Gancao (1.98、3.96、7.92 g·mL-1). Except the control group, all the groups were induced to establish a goiter rat model using propylthiouracil (PTU) and underwent corresponding interventions. After 28 days, the condition of the rats and thyroid coefficient were observed, and indicators of oxidative stress and ferroptosis were detected. Results KEGG pathway and GO analyses were closely correlated with the regulation of redox homeostasis and lipid metabolism, with PTGS2 identified as a key target. Animal experiments suggested that rats in the model group manifested hypometabolic symptoms and structural disorganization of thyroid follicles. Haizao and Gancao of varying doses significantly ameliorated the health status and histopathology of goitrous rats, with the efficacy most pronounced in the low-dose group. An oxidative stress imbalance was observed in goitrous model rats. The oxidative stress index (OSI) (P<0.05) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (P<0.001) were upregulated in the low-dose Haizao and Gancao group. Prussian blue staining and transmission electron microscopy pointed to characteristic iron deposition and ultrastructural changes of mitochondria in thyroid tissues in each group. The Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway was activated while the expressions of key markers of ferroptosis-GPX4 and PTGS2- (P<0.05, P<0.001) were regulated in the low-dose Haizao and Gancao group (P<0.01, P<0.05). Conclusion Haizao and Gancao can ameliorate goiter by regulating the ‘oxidative stress-ferroptosis’ signaling axis through the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Haizao Yuhu Decoction on Hepatic and Renal Functions in Rats in Physiological and Pathological States FAN Jie, LYU Yanmin, LIAO Wenyong, ZHANG Jiwen, WANG Li, XIU Linlin 2026, 23(1): 70-76.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250709 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (2100KB) ( 0 )   Objective To study the effects of Haizao Yuhu decoction on hepatic and renal functions of normal rats and of hypothyroidism-based goiter model rats at the corresponding doses. Methods A total of 60 Wistar rats (half male and half female) were randomly divided into 5 groups: normal group, model group, positive drug group (20 μg·kg-¹), Haizao Yuhu decoction+propylthiouracil (PTU) group (HYD-M, 10 mL·kg-1), and Haizao Yuhu decoction group (HYD-N, 10 mL·kg-1). The normal group and HYD-N group were given deionized water by gavage while the other groups were gavaged with PTU to establish a hypothyroidism-based goiter model. Euthyrox was used as the positive drug. The HYD-M group and HYD-N group were administered with Haizao Yuhu decoction by gavage. Samples were collected 12 hours after the last administration. Hepatic and renal functions of rats in each group were detected. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed to observe hepatic pathological changes, and the NAS score was calculated. Results Compared with the normal group, the levels of ALT, UREA, CREA, and UREA/CREA were significantly increased in the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.05), while the levels of AST/ALT and UA were significantly decreased (P<0.001, P<0.01). In the HYD-N group, the liver coefficient was significantly increased (P<0.01) while the levels of UREA and UREA/CREA were significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the AST/ALT level in the HYD-M group was increased (P<0.05) while those of UREA and UREA/CREA were significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.001). Conclusion At corresponding doses, Haizao Yuhu decoction has no obvious hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity when used to treat hypothyroidism-based goiter model rats, and can reverse abnormal indicators caused by modeling. However, at the same dose, Haizao Yuhu decoction can increase the liver coefficient and impair the urea-producing function of the liver in normal rats. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Evaluation of Acute Toxicity and Developmental Toxicity of Target Organs of Four Venomous Insecticidal Traditional Chinese Medicines Based on Zebrafish Modeling CHEN Yunxin, WANG Yuheng, RONG Yan, WEI Xiaolu, CHEN Lihua, ZHOU Yawen, YAO Zhili, XU Yiqiao, ZHANG Yong, ZHAO Haiyu, WANG Huijun 2026, 23(1): 77-82.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250273 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (1817KB) ( 0 )   Objective To assess the acute toxicity and developmental toxicity of target organs of four poisonous insect traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), namely EUPOLYPHAGA SEU POLYPHAGA, SCORPIO, HIRUDO and SCOLOPENDRA, in order to provide data for studies on their safety. Methods The safety was assessed by determining the median lethal concentration (LC50) of aqueous decoctions of poisonous insects at five concentrations (5.0, 3.75, 2.5, 1.0, and 0.5 mg·mL⁻¹) in zebrafish embryos. The toxic effects on such targeted system and organs as the heart, liver, digestive system, and nervous system were investigated. Results The four poisonous insect-derived medicinal materials all exhibited strong embryotoxicity, especially SCOLOPENDRA (LC50: 0.60-1.33 mg·mL-1) and HIRUDO (LC50: 0.86-1.35 mg·mL-1). Analysis of developmental toxicity in target organs found that EUPOLYPHAGA SEU POLYPHAGA primarily affected cardiac development (at an induction rate of 41.56%) while SCOLOPENDRA impacted intestinal development (at an induction rate of 40.52%). Conclusion This study suggests that HIRUDO is more toxic than SCORPIO. The results from the evaluation model for zebrafish toxicity are expected to provide data for optimizing the toxicity classification of traditional Chinese medicines and setting safety dose limits. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Consistency Evaluation and Kaempferol Content Determination of Multiple Batches of Pule’an Tablets Based on 1H-NMR and LC-MS CAI Shangzuo, ZHU Gehui, TANG Yu, WANG Yi 2026, 23(1): 83-87.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250400 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (1385KB) ( 0 )   Objective To investigate the similarity of Pule’an tablets and the content of their marker compound, kaempferol. Methods The tablets were extracted with 70% ethanol before being concentrated under reduced pressure to afford crude extracts (CRs) that were then extracted with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (EA) respectively. The analytical data including quantitative 1H-NMR and LC-MS of the extract portion EA was collected. In order to find out about the batch-to-batch consistency of the samples, the cosine similarity calculation method was used to calculate the pre-processed data. Methyl 3,5-dinitrobenzoate was selected as the internal calibrant (IC) to calculate the content of kaempferol in Pule’an tablets using the qNMR method. Results The 1H-NMR similarity of the 9 batches of Pule’an tablets was determined to be 0.984, while LC-MS similarity was 0.987. Using the internal calibration method of quantitative NMR, the content of kaempferol in the samples was measured to range from 2.03 mg to 12.86 mg per tablet. Conclusion The results suggest that the similarity between the 9 batches of Pule’an tablets is high, which can help guarantee the efficacy and safety of the product. The IC-qHNMR method used for content determination of kaempferol is user-friendly, fast, and accurate. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Seed-Removal and Alkaline-Treatment of Aristolochia contorta Bge. in Zhisou Huatan Pills and Quality Control: a Detoxification Study LIU Suyan, LI Chunying, YI Yan, ZHAO Yong, HAN Jiayin, PAN Chen, ZHANG Yushi, YU Yuan, LIU Qing, LIANG Aihua 2026, 23(1): 88-94.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250577 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (2168KB) ( 0 )   Objective To investigate the detoxification of Aristolochia contorta Bge. in Zhisou Huatan pills via seed-removal and al kali-treatment based on quantitative determination of five aristolochic acid analogues in order to provide a reference for quality control. Methods The separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm) with methanol-water (containing 0.1% formic acid and 5.0 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate) as the mobile phases at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1. The multiple reaction monitoring mode (MRM) was used in positive ion acquisition. The established method was employed to quantitatively detect the contents of five aristolochic acid analogues in five batches of Aristolochia contorta Bge., ten batches of seed-removal Aristolochia contorta Bge., seed-removed and alkaline-processed Aristolochia contorta Bge., and in Zhisou Huatan pills. Results The contents of AAⅠ, AAⅡ, AAⅢa, AAⅣa, and ALⅠin Aristolochia contorta Bge. ranged from 573.12 to 880.72 μg·g-1, 37.12 to 97.02 μg·g-1, 236.68 to 461.83 μg·g-1, 376.60 to 414.37 μg·g-1 and 262.58 to 393.83 μg·g-1, respectively. The content of AAⅡ was below the detection limit in seed-removed and alkaline-processed Aristolochia contorta Bge. but AAⅠ, AAⅢa, and AAⅣa could still be detected, and their concentrations were below the limit of quantification. The content of ALⅠ ranged from 25.15 to 35.29 μg·g-1. AAⅠ, AAⅡ, AAⅢa, or AAⅣa were detected in Zhisou Huatan pills, and the content of ALⅠ ranged from 0.87 to 0.97 μg·g-1. Conclusion Seed-removal and alkali-treatment can significantly reduce the contents of AAⅠ, AAⅡ, AAⅢa, AAⅣa, and ALⅠ in Aristolochia contorta Bge. AAⅠ is not detected in Zhisou Huatan pills. The established UPLC-MS/MS method has a high specificity, high sensitivity, and good repeatability, which can provide a reference for quality control of Zhisou Huatan pills. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Protective Effects of Ergothioneine against Oxidative Damage in Rats LIU Huan, YI Zirong, ZHANG Nan, HU Mengqi, LIU Xiuhong, MA Yuming, ZHENG Haiyun, LIU Yang 2026, 23(1): 95-100.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250729 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (2276KB) ( 0 )   Objective To investigate the protective effect of ergothioneine (EGT) against D-galactose(D-gal)-induced oxidative damage in rats and explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods An oxidative damage model was established by intraperitoneal injection of D-gal solution in rats which were randomly assigned to five experimental groups: the control group, model group, and groups treated with low-, medium- or high-dose of EGT (1.5, 3.0 and 6.0 mg·kg-1). Histopathological changes were detected with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The levels of protein carbonyl, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) were measured using colorimetric assays. Western blot analysis (WB) was used to determine the protein expression levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Results Compared to the model group, GSH levels were significantly increased in the liver, kidney, and spleen of rats in the medium-dose group (P<0.05), while SOD activity was markedly enhanced in these tissues in the high-dose group (P<0.01). Protein carbonyl levels in both the kidney (P<0.01) and spleen (P<0.05) were significantly decreased in medium-and high-dose groups. Histopathological findings revealed that oxidative damage to the hepatic, renal, and splenic tissues of rats was significantly ameliorated following EGT intervention. Additionally, the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 proteins in the liver were significantly upregulated (P<0.05). Conclusion A significant protective effect against D-gal-induced oxidative damage is exerted by EGT in rats, and the potential mechanism may be associated with the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Clinical Characteristics of 183 Reports of Extrapyramidal Symptoms Induced by Antipsychotics LAN Xiaoqian, ZHUANG Hongyan, LI Pengfei 2026, 23(1): 101-104.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250388 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (1386KB) ( 0 )   Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of antipsychotic drug-induced extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in order to provide a reference for adverse reaction monitoring of antipsychotic drugs and for rational use of drugs. Methods All EPS reports associated with antipsychotics submitted to the National Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Network by Beijing Anding Hospital in 2004—2024 were retrospectively collected (n=183). Patients’ demographic data, clinical manifestations, causative drugs, latency period of adverse reactions, interventions and outcomes were analyzed. The risk of EPS induced by different drugs was compared using the ratio of the number of EPS cases (n) to the defined daily doses (DDDs) for each drug (n/DDDs). Results Among the 183 cases, Patients were predominantly young adults ages 18 to 40 (56.28%). Parkinsonism was the prevalent clinical manifestation of EPS. Among the first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs), haloperidol injection and haloperidol decanoate injection posed the highest risk to EPS. Among the second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs), risperidone microspheres for injection, paliperidone palmitate injection, ziprasidone tablets, risperidone tablets/oral solution, and paliperidone extended-release tablets were associated with the highest risk. The latency period for EPS ranged from hours to years. Conclusion EPS induced by both SGAs and FGAs deserves equal clinical attention. Close monitoring of EPS throughout antipsychotic treatment is essential to safety and effectiveness of medications. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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One Case of Tuberculosis Caused by Infliximab and Ustekinumab ZHOU Wei, WANG Liyuan, WANG Fang, SUN Yanyan, XIA Yimiao, WANG Facai 2026, 23(1): 105-108.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250104 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (1201KB) ( 0 )   Objective To investigate such adverse reactions as tuberculosis (TB) reactivation induced by infliximab and ustekinumab, and to explore the underlying mechanism. Methods One case of TB reactivation induced by infliximab and ustekinumab in a patient with Crohn’s disease was analyzed and related literature was reviewed. Results This patient with Crohn’s disease received long-term infliximab therapy. Treatment was discontinued due to the development of TB. After anti-TB treatment, ustekinumab was initiated. However, TB reoccurred after two courses of treatment. The patient then received prophylactic anti-tuberculosis therapy with isoniazid and rifampin concurrently with the re-initiation of ustekinumab. Results showed that the PPD test turned negative, and that TB symptoms occurred no more. Conclusion Infliximab and ustekinumab are commonly used biological agents for Crohn’s disease. While these drugs are immunosuppressive, they can cause infectious adverse reactions. Although ustekinumab is considered a relatively safe immunomodulator, it can still induce TB. Clinicians are advised to monitor patients for TB adverse reactions when infliximab or Ustekinumab is used. For patients who receive chronic ustekinumab therapy, prophylactic anti-TB treatment should be administered. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Antiviral Drugs for Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome PENG Wan, JIANG Zhouling, CHEN Zhihai 2026, 23(1): 109-114.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250663 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (1429KB) ( 0 )   Objective To review the research progress in drugs for Bandavirus dabieense (DBV) in recent years in order to provide a reference for related pharmaceutical research and clinical applications. Methods Based on the epidemiology of Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS), studies on antiviral agents were summarized in terms of pharmacological mechanisms, in vitro experiments, animal experiments, and clinical studies. Results SFTS had been spreading from the initially reported five provinces to twenty-seven provinces in China, with an exponential increase in the number of cases. Experiments and clinical studies proved that favipiravir, ribavirin, and calcium channel blockers possessed antiviral activities against DBV. In addition, several potential anti-DBV compounds were identified via laboratory screening. Conclusion The incidence of SFTS has trended up year on year. Despite the lack of specific antiviral treatments, substantial progress has been made in recent years in the exploration and evaluation of anti-DBV agents, which can contribute to the development of effective therapies against SFTS. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress in Safety of Antiviral Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B WANG Yuanhui, ZHANG Qing, LI Xin, SU Yuwen 2026, 23(1): 115-119.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20250483 Abstract ( 2 )   PDF (1302KB) ( 0 )   Objective To summarize the research progress in the clinical safety of antiviral drugs used for chronic hepatitis B and to provide references to related clinical applications and drug development. Methods Based on literature available in PubMed, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang Data over the past five years (between January 2020 and June 2025), this study traced the research progress in marketed drugs as well as agents under clinical development. The safety profiles of both monotherapies and combination therapies were assessed. Results Marketed nucleoside analogues proved to be relatively safe, but long-term use called for vigilance on potential nephrotoxicity, disturbances in bone metabolism, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and dyslipidemia. During interferon therapy, special attention needed to be paid to its potential impacts on the hematopoietic system, neuropsychiatric function, and autoimmune disorders. For investigational drugs under clinical development, hepatic dysfunction, immune-related adverse events, and injection-site reactions were worthy of attention. Conclusion Nucleoside analogues can play a pivotal role in suppressing viral replication, improving liver histology, and reducing the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite the multiple systems in adverse events, the overall incidence is low and symptoms are mild. For long-term users, safety is a big concern. Interferon treatment should proceed under the supervision of qualified physicians, with constant monitoring of adverse reactions. Future development of novel pharmaceuticals is to revolve around key stages in the viral life cycle or modulation of host immunity in order to offer safer and more effective options for a complete cure. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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GLP-1RAs: Warnings Aligned over Potential Risk of Suicidal Thoughts or Behaviours 2026, 23(1): 120-120.  DOI: 10.19803/j.1672-8629.20251212 Abstract ( 3 )   PDF (785KB) ( 1 )   Related Articles | Metrics